Nikolai Aleksandrovich Uglanov (1886–1937) was a Russian Bolshevik politician, who played an important role in the government of the Soviet Union.
In 1930 he became associated with Martemyan Ryutin, whose name was given to the Ryutin Platform. Ryutin was Secretary of the Krasnaya Presnya district Party committee in Moscow. Uglanov was expelled from the Party along with Ryutin in autumn 1932 in what is known as the Ryutin Affair.
He was executed in 1937.